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		<doi>10.1029/2018EA000428</doi>
		<issn>2333-5084</issn>
		<citationkey>BourlèsAMBFLGHLNCSTDHHLRCSJP:2019:SuObSy</citationkey>
		<title>PIRATA: a sustained observing system for tropical atlantic climate research and forecasting</title>
		<year>2019</year>
		<month>Apr.</month>
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		<author>Bourlès, Bernard,</author>
		<author>Araújo, Moacyr,</author>
		<author>McPhaden, Michael J.,</author>
		<author>Brandt, Peter,</author>
		<author>Foltz, Gregory R.,</author>
		<author>Lumpkin, Rick,</author>
		<author>Giordani, Hervé,</author>
		<author>Hernandez, Fabrice,</author>
		<author>Lefèvre, Nathalie,</author>
		<author>Nobre, Paulo,</author>
		<author>Campos, Edmo,</author>
		<author>Saravanan, Ramalingam,</author>
		<author>Trotte-Duhà, Janice,</author>
		<author>Dengler, Marcus,</author>
		<author>Hahn, Johannes,</author>
		<author>Hummels, Rebecca,</author>
		<author>Lübbecke, Joke F.,</author>
		<author>Rouault, Mathieu,</author>
		<author>Cotrim, Leticia,</author>
		<author>Sutton, Adrienne,</author>
		<author>Jochum, Markus,</author>
		<author>Perez, Renellys C.,</author>
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		<group>DIDMD-CGCPT-INPE-MCTIC-GOV-BR</group>
		<affiliation>Laboratoire d'Études en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE)</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</affiliation>
		<affiliation>GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Météo&#8208;France/Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE)</affiliation>
		<affiliation>IRD/Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Universidade de São Paulo (USP)</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Texas A&M University</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Desenvolvimento Nuclear e Technológico da Marinha, Brasilia</affiliation>
		<affiliation>GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel</affiliation>
		<affiliation>GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel</affiliation>
		<affiliation>GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel</affiliation>
		<affiliation>GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Nansen&#8208;Tutu Centre for Marine Environmental Research</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Niels Bohr Institute</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory</affiliation>
		<electronicmailaddress>bernard.bourles@ird.fr</electronicmailaddress>
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		<electronicmailaddress>paulo.nobre@inpe.br</electronicmailaddress>
		<journal>Earth and Space Science</journal>
		<volume>6</volume>
		<number>4</number>
		<pages>577-616</pages>
		<transferableflag>1</transferableflag>
		<contenttype>External Contribution</contenttype>
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		<abstract>Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) is a multinational program initiated in 1997 in the tropical Atlantic to improve our understanding and ability to predict ocean-atmosphere variability. PIRATA consists of a network of moored buoys providing meteorological and oceanographic data transmitted in real time to address fundamental scientific questions as well as societal needs. The network is maintained through dedicated yearly cruises, which allow for extensive complementary shipboard measurements and provide platforms for deployment of other components of the Tropical Atlantic Observing System. This paper describes network enhancements, scientific accomplishments and successes obtained from the last 10years of observations, and additional results enabled by cooperation with other national and international programs. Capacity building activities and the role of PIRATA in a future Tropical Atlantic Observing System that is presently being optimized are also described. Plain Language Summary Long data records are essential for improving our understanding of the weather and climate, their variability and predictability, and how the climate may change in the future in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Climate variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean has strong impacts on the coastal climate in particular and, consequently, the economies of the surrounding regions. Since 1997, the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) program has maintained a network of moored buoys in the tropical Atlantic in order to provide instantaneous high-quality data to research scientists and weather forecasters around the world. This paper describes PIRATA successes in terms of scientific discoveries and observing technology enhancements. Perspectives are also provided on PIRATA's role in the future Tropical Atlantic Observing System, currently under design, that will consist of a variety of coordinated measurements from satellites, ships, buoys, and other ocean technologies.</abstract>
		<area>MET</area>
		<language>en</language>
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